Working Paper 10 outlines the BTCE's proposed methodology for analysing measures to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. The objective of the project is to identify least-cost combinations of policy instruments in the freight (including pipelines), urban passenger, non-urban passenger and international (bunkers) segments of the transport sector.

• Greenhouse Gas Emissions and the Demand for Urban Passenger Transport: Design of the Overall Approach
  
  op_108.pdf
  (10.38 MB)

This Paper reviews the physical characteristics of alternative fuels, technical and economic aspects of production of alternative fuels and alternative fuel vehicles, environmental, safety and health issues associated with alternative fuel use, factors influencing market acceptance, and policy issues. The emphasis is on the extent of environmental benefits which might result from alternative fuel and the costs involved in making these fuels available. The discussion covers reformulated gasoline, diesel, liquefied petroleum gas, ethanol, methanol, vegetable oils, natural gas, electric vehicles and hydrogen.

• Alternative Fuels in Australian Transport
  
  ip_039.pdf
  (26.54 MB)

This Working Paper is an intermediate output in a research project being conducted by BTCE. The project team examines the adequacy of conventional methods for estimating economic benefits from transport and communications infrastructure investment.

• Evaluating Transport Investments With National Economic Models: Australian Experience With ORANI
  
  wp_013.pdf
  (2.9 MB)

This Paper has been produced to inform debate on an issue of growing significance in the aviation industry. The increasing incidence of code sharing between airlines has met with a mixed reception within the industry and government circles. It has been criticised as a form of consumer deception; it has been seen as a force both for and against competitive markets and improved service quality; and it has been pursued by airlines as a service and profit maximising strategy.

• Code Sharing in International Aviation: a Discussion Paper
  
  wp_021.pdf
  (3.66 MB)

Despite popular interest in the contribution of transport to emissions of greenhouse gases, little comprehensive information has been published to date on the costs and effectiveness of the various abatement measures espoused.

• Transport and Greenhouse: Costs and Options for Reducing Emissions
  
  report_094.pdf
  (7.46 MB)

The aim of this Working Paper is to estimate the cost of reducing greenhouse emissions by using a sink rather than by reducing the amount of travel or fuel usage. Because the sink can also be applied to other sectors of the economy, it provides a standard of comparison for most policy instruments.

• Trees and Greenhouse: Costs of Sequestering Australian Transport Emissions
  
  wp_023.pdf
  (4.72 MB)

This report examines the state of General Aviation (GA) flying in Australia. It is primarily based on a Bureau of Transport and Communications Economics survey of GA undertaken in 1994, which provided a snapshot of the industry for financial year 1992–93. Key areas examined include: the composition of the GA flying industry; flying activity; industry conduct; financial structure and performance; and industry views and perceptions.

• General Aviation Flying in Australia
  
  report_095.pdf
  (16.21 MB)

Externalities in the Transport Sector: Key Issues is the first part in a series of Information Sheets that will provide estimates of the costs of externalities generated by road, rail, air and sea transport.

• Externalities in the Transport Sector
  
  is_010.pdf
  (1.52 MB)

This research project was designed to explore the potential for economic synergies between the two regions and the role that transport might play in their development. The project was undertaken in conjunction with the Research and Development Agency of the Indonesian Ministry of Communications. This Report presents the results of the work of the Australian project team, focusing on northern Australian aspects.

• Transport Synergies Between Eastern Indonesia and Northern Australia
  
  report_097.pdf
  (1010.76 KB)

Article 16 bis was a last-minute addition to the Protocol negotiated in Kyoto in December 1997 at the third Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. It calls on the Parties to develop rules and guidelines for emissions trading 'for the purpose of meeting quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments'. No concrete consideration has been given yet to the modalities of introducing a scheme for trading emissions in countries like Australia. It is therefore timely to identify at least some of the practical implications that any such scheme might have, if it were to be introduced at some time in the future. Most of the literature on trading in greenhouse emissions has focused either on international aspects, or on general principles. Much of the literature is also incestuous, because the same examples of the limited number of existing (non-greenhouse) schemes tend to be drawn on in each article or book. Little has been written on the likely effects on various sectors of domestic economies. Even less has been written on the difficult issue of how to take account of carbon sinks. By contrast, this Working Paper breaks new ground by identifying a number of practical issues that merit serious consideration if a workable scheme is to be implemented in the transport sector. Nevertheless, the authors are conscious of the strong likelihood that not all relevant issues have been addressed. Any comment would therefore be gratefully received.

• Tradeable Permits in Transport
  
  wp_037.pdf
  (183.48 KB)