Urban air quality management is concerned with comparing two kinds of costs: those arising out of increased levels of air pollution and those involved in implementing an abatement program. This report is concerned with these latter costs insofar as it investigates the relationship between regulatory instruments (ADR27A for example) and their practical effects on emission generation by Australian cars.

• Vehicle Driving Patterns and Measurement Methods for Energy and Emissions Assessment
  
  op_030.pdf
  (5.27 MB)

A thesis that no longer provokes comment is that domestic fuel supplies are likely to be curtailed suddenly and without warning. An idea less well established, but one that has widespread intuitive appeal, is that non-price rationing can claim to efficiently allocate resources. This idea arises out of the notion that during unexpected fuel shortages, the ability of individuals and firms to adjust might not be related to their contribution to the community's well being.

• Economic Analysis of Non-Price Rationing With Particular Reference to Petrol
  
  op_044.pdf
  (4.35 MB)

The work reported in this paper has been undertaken because of a concern for a general tendency in the transport community to make sweeping statements about the desirability of diverting traffic from one mode to another in order to save fuel. Such pronouncements can be misleading when applied to any particular case, so a need exists to establish the proper basis for examining and comparing the energy performance of alternative modes of transport.

• Freight Transport Energy Consumption: A Comparison Between the Efficiency of the Modes in the Non-Bulk Task
  
  op_045.pdf
  (4.33 MB)

Company cars account for more than a third of new car sales in Australia. Since company cars seem generally larger and less fuel-efficient than average and since they appear to travel greater distances and are replaced more frequently, it seems useful to examine the effectiveness of policies that might have potential fuel conservation effects.

• Energy Policies and Company Cars: An Application of Experimental Design Methods in Economic Research
  
  op_047.pdf
  (9.35 MB)

This Paper represents the second study into the estimation of the consumption of energy by Australian transport. The results of the first study were published in Occasional Paper 4 which was based on data for the year s 1970–71. The present paper covers the years 1975–76. Many problems concerning data and assumptions became obvious during preparation of the original paper. These were reflected in the present study by a considerable effort to improve the quality of the estimates and to underpin the supporting assumptions. As a result the present paper is considered to contain more accurate estimates than those in the original paper.

• Consumption of Transport Energy in Australia 1975–76
  
  op_037.pdf
  (10.89 MB)

Oil spills are basically chance events, their occurrences and characteristics being governed by probability distributions. Many properties of these distributions can be applied, with reasonable confidence, to the prediction of the location, number and size of oil spills around the Australian coast.

The analyses described in this Report are aimed at identifying the most appropriate statistical distributions underlying oil spill occurrences in Australia, and at interpreting the results to assist the planning process. In particular, the results are used to estimate future levels and locations of chemical dispersant stockpiles.

• Marine Oil Spill Risk in Australia
  
  report_053.pdf
  (4.1 MB)

This Paper is an exploratory attempt to examine the distribution of raw and refined petroleum products by all transport modes over the period 1971–72 to 1986–87. The modal shares of the hydrocarbon movements task have been estimated together with the average growth rate of movements by each mode for that same period. Some origin-destination analysis has been undertaken with analyses of coastal shipping and pipeline movements being the most recent. Annually aggregated tonnages moved by the separate transport modes are the primary focus of this study. This study examines petroleum product movements up to 1986–87 and growth rates have been derived for each of the modal tasks up to this date. No forecasting of future movements shares, which would use these growth rates, is attempted.

• Transport of Hydrocarbons in the Oil and Gas Industries
  
  ip_031.pdf
  (3.01 MB)

The study focuses on the current major transport fuels, which in 1988–89 accounted for 93 per cent of Australia's transport sector energy consumption: petrol (leaded and unleaded), automotive diesel oil, fuel oil and aviation turbine fuel. Major demand forecasts examined include those of the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics, the National Institute of Economic and Industry Research and the Australian Institute of Petroleum, based on forecasts by oil companies, to the year 2000. From an examination of these forecasts and derived own-price elasticities, the study concludes that only relatively large increases in fuel prices are likely to produce anything more than non-marginal reductions in the levels of fuel demand.

• Demand Forecasts and Demand Elasticities for Australian Transport Fuel
  
  op_103.pdf
  (4.84 MB)

The Paper details emissions from various segments of the transport sector, discusses the magnitude of the task involved in reducing transport emissions, and examines the potential for reducing them by alternative means. These include fuel economy improvements, use of alternative fuels, transport system improvements including modal shift, and reductions in discretionary travel.

• Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Australian Transport
  
  wp_001.pdf
  (6.07 MB)

This study examines the risk associated with major oil spills (over 1000 tonnes) in open water anywhere on the Australian coast. This differs from previous work which has focused on the more numerous, smaller spills associated with ship operations in ports and sheltered waters. The study also examines the logistic constraints on providing rapid response along the whole length of the coast.

• Major Marine Oil Spills–Risk and Response
  
  report_070.pdf
  (2.81 MB)