This Paper provides an examination of three tax policy options. The options relate to taxation of business cars, vehicle sales tax and registration charges, and a carbon tax on transport fuel.

• Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Transport: Some Tax Policy Options
  
  wp_003.pdf
  (4.85 MB)

This Paper briefly describes the LAND computer package and outlines studies to verify and apply it. The LAND computer package is an educational tool. It aims to replicate the land use/transport/environment interaction so as to allow the investigation of the long-term impacts of transport and land use policy on the environment. The model is based on a series of discrete steps. These steps relate to natural changes in population, migration of people within the city, movement of employment, creation of transport demand and assignment of this demand to the transport system. The environmental outputs are based on the traffic flows. Exogenous inputs into the model are the supply of urban infrastructure (housing and transport), increase in employment and in- or outmigration.

• Modelling the Land Use–Transport–Environment Interaction
  
  op_107.pdf
  (5.8 MB)

This Working Paper examines past trends in the fuel efficiency of ships and aircraft, and looks at technical developments and economic factors which could yield further improvements. The period to 2005 has received attention because of the Australian Government's 1990 decision to adopt the Toronto target, as an interim planning measure. This target involved a reduction in emissions of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol to 20 per cent below 1988 levels, by 2005.

• Fuel Efficiency of Ships and Aircraft
  
  wp_004.pdf
  (9.93 MB)

The Bureau of Transport and Communications Economics (BTCE) has provided a comprehensive analysis of the range of possible measures for reducing greenhouse gases in the transport sector. The objective of the papers from the BTCE's greenhouse gas project is to: provide information on the work being undertaken by the BTCE; and expose the BTCE's analysis to comment by others.

• Costs of Reducing Greenhouse Gases in Australian Transport
  
  wp_010.pdf
  (4.15 MB)

Working Paper 10 outlines the BTCE's proposed methodology for analysing measures to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. The objective of the project is to identify least-cost combinations of policy instruments in the freight (including pipelines), urban passenger, non-urban passenger and international (bunkers) segments of the transport sector.

• Greenhouse Gas Emissions and the Demand for Urban Passenger Transport: Design of the Overall Approach
  
  op_108.pdf
  (10.38 MB)

This Paper reviews the physical characteristics of alternative fuels, technical and economic aspects of production of alternative fuels and alternative fuel vehicles, environmental, safety and health issues associated with alternative fuel use, factors influencing market acceptance, and policy issues. The emphasis is on the extent of environmental benefits which might result from alternative fuel and the costs involved in making these fuels available. The discussion covers reformulated gasoline, diesel, liquefied petroleum gas, ethanol, methanol, vegetable oils, natural gas, electric vehicles and hydrogen.

• Alternative Fuels in Australian Transport
  
  ip_039.pdf
  (26.54 MB)

Comparable figures are provided for the first time on emissions of greenhouse gases from the Australian transport sector in 1900 and 2000. Greenhouse emissions from the transport sector increased ten-fold twentieth century, but Australia's population has increased five-fold, and real GDP 23 times, while urban densities are now only about one third of those in 1900. Within the limits of long-term historical comparisons, it is concluded that use of the internal combustion engine itself has not contributed disproportionately to greenhouse emissions in the transport sector. However, electric vehicles would have been better. This paper was authored by Dr Leo Dobes.

• Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Australian Transport 1900 and 2000
  
  op_110.pdf
  (7.06 MB)

This Report provides a 'business as usual' scenario for the emission of greenhouse gases from the Australian transport sector for the period 1993–94 to 2014–15. Models for emissions from cars, trucks, rail, sea and air transport reflect sectoral activity, fuel intensity and emission intensity factors.

• Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Australian Transport: Long Term Projections
  
  report_088.pdf
  (17.7 MB)

A collection of contributions by leading Australians in the field, this publication presents a range of perspectives on domestic and international trading of greenhouse emissions. It contains a high-level view of Article 17 of the Kyoto Protocol and associated negotiations, and explains current Australian programs and policies with respect to reducing greenhouse emissions and generating carbon sinks. This paper was authored by Dr Leo Dobes.

• Trading Greenhouse Emissions: Some Australian Perspectives
  
  op_115.pdf
  (18.53 MB)

Despite popular interest in the contribution of transport to emissions of greenhouse gases, little comprehensive information has been published to date on the costs and effectiveness of the various abatement measures espoused.

• Transport and Greenhouse: Costs and Options for Reducing Emissions
  
  report_094.pdf
  (7.46 MB)