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| Tasmanian freight schemes parameter review | November 2008 |
In March 2006 the Productivity Commission was asked to 'report on the merits and weaknesses of the current arrangements for subsidising containerised and bulk shipping between the mainland and Tasmania and provide recommendations on an appropriate future approach and/or arrangements. ' This review covered both the Tasmanian Freight Equalisation Scheme and Tasmanian Wheat Freight Scheme.
The Hon Anthony Albanese MP, Minister for Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Local Government, announced the Government's decision on future arrangements for the schemes on 6 November 2008. |
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| Working Paper 69 - Australian maritime trade 2000-01 to 2004-05 | March 2007 |
| Australian maritime trade: 2000-01 to 2004-05 extends data available through the BTRE's Australian Sea Freight publications by including information on markets, shipping lanes, key trade routes, traded commodities and passenger services associated with Australia's maritime trade. |
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| Working Paper 50 - Australia's Seaborne Containerised Freight: Forecasts to 2010-11 | August 2002 |
| This study analyses and forecasts trends in the usage of containers for the carriage of Australia's seaborne freight over the period 2001-02 to 2010-11. The study also estimates the proportion of 40-foot containers used in Australia's inbound and outbound seaborne trade and assesses the implications of their increasing use over time. |
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| Working Paper 47 - Regional Impact of the Port of Gladstone | February 2001 |
| This report presents the economic impact of the Port of Gladstone on the Fitzroy region in Queensland. At the time of writing, Gladstone Port was the fourth largest in Australia. By measuring both direct and flow-on effects, the study estimated that the port was responsible for 2.3% of all employment in the region, with a value added contribution of 3.0%. |
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| Working Paper 46 - Regional Impact of the Port of Mackay | February 2001 |
| This paper presents the results of a Bureau of Transport Economics study of the regional impact of the Port of Mackay located on the central coast of Queensland. The port is an important component of the transport chain for sugar and agriculture. By measuring both direct and flow-on effects, the study estimated that the port was responsible for 1.0% of all employment in the region, with a value added contribution of 0.9%. |
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| Report 101: Regional Impact of Ports | March 2000 |
| This report presents the results of a Bureau of Transport Economics project on the regional impact of ports. It includes a general framework for undertaking port impact studies in Australia and a case study that applies the framework to the Port of Fremantle, Western Australia. By measuring both direct and flow-on effects, the case study estimated that the Port of Fremantle was responsible for 0.8% of all employment in Western Australia, with a value added contribution of 0.9% to Western Australia's Gross State Product. |
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| Report 97: Transport Synergies Between Eastern Indonesia and Northern Australia | January 1998 |
| This research project was designed to explore the potential for economic synergies between the two regions and the role that transport might play in their development. The project was undertaken in conjunction with the Research and Development Agency of the Indonesian Ministry of Communications. This Report presents the results of the work of the Australian project team, focusing on northern Australian aspects. |
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| Working Paper 28 - Tasmanian Freight Equalisation Scheme: Discussion Paper September 1996 | September 1996 |
| This report examines the appropriateness of established rates of assistance for the shipping of cargo to and from Tasmania and proposes rate amendments for different commodities and different units for the shipment of those commodities. It was undertaken by BTCE as a preliminary analysis to assist the Tasmanian Freight Equalisation Scheme Review Authority to undertake a more thorough examination of these issues at the request of the Minister for Transport and Regional Development. |
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| Information Sheet 8 - Costs of maritime accidents in Australia, 1993 | December 1995 |
BTCE (1992) Social cost of transport accidents in Australia, Report 79, p. 52, estimated the total cost of rail accidents in 1988 as $94.5 million (in 1988 dollars). The Information Sheet table provides
updated estimates, including comparable figures for 1988 and 1993 that are expressed in 1993 dollars. |
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| Report 91: Review of the Waterfront Industry Reform Program | May 1995 |
| The Bureau study examines the great changes which have been implemented in the stevedoring workforce and in its employment arrangements, the improvements which have occurred in the productivity and reliability of stevedoring services, and estimates the dollar value of the benefits which have been passed to the various categories of users of waterfront services. |
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| Report 88: Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Australian Transport: Long Term Projections | March 1995 |
| This Report provides a 'business as usual' scenario for the emission of greenhouse gases from the Australian transport sector for the period 1993-94 to 2014-15. Models for emissions from cars, trucks, rail, sea and air transport reflect sectoral activity, fuel intensity and emission intensity factors. The models indicate that emissions from the Australian car fleet over the next two decades will decline while emissions from trucks and aircraft are likely to grow quite strongly. Background information and historical data series are also provided. |
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| Working Paper 14.3 - Adequacy of Transport Infrastructure: Seaports | December 1994 |
| This Working Paper is the third in a series of Working Papers which disseminates the results of a large research project into the adequacy of Australia's transport infrastructure over the next 20 years. The assessment covers all four modes of transport - road, rail, air and sea - with the primary focus on freight. |
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| Report 85: Structural Failure of Large Bulk Ships | December 1993 |
| Although it is widely known that the risk of failure is high in old ships, old bulk ships continue to be used. One reason is that until mid 1992 it was financially viable to maintain an old ship in service rather than dispose of it for demolition. Even though after mid 1992 it did not pay to keep an old ship in service, it was even less attractive to purchase a new ship. The BTCE's statistical analysis of voyage data identified ship age, flag state, commodity carried and voyage route as important factors influencing the risk of failure. Using this information, the BTCE has developed a technique for predicting the risk of failure of individual ships. |
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| Report 84: Port Interface Cost Index | September 1993 |
Ports have been a major focus of the Australian Government's reform program. The Waterfront Industry Reform Authority was responsible for reform of the stevedoring industry, completing its work in October 1992. The BTCE has developed a new port interface cost index in response to the 'Warehouse to Wharf' report of the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Transport, Communications and Infrastructure. It includes port and related charges (port authority, towage and pilotage charges), stevedoring charges, customs brokers' fees and land transport charges. This Paper describes the development of the index and presents initial estimates of costs. Future values
will be published at intervals of six months. |
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| Working Paper 4 - Fuel Efficiency of Ships and Aircraft | November 1992 |
| This Working Paper examines past trends in the fuel efficiency of ships and aircraft, and looks at technical developments and economic factors which could yield further improvements. The periodto 2005 has received attention because of the Australian Government's 1990 decision to adopt the Toronto target, as an interim planning measure. This target involved a reduction in emissions of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol to 20 per cent below 1988 levels, by 2005. |
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| Report 79: Social Cost of Transport Accidents in Australia | July 1992 |
| This study has refined the methodology and expanded the scope of a previous Bureau of Transport and Communications Economics study on the cost of road accidents in Australia. The human capital approach has been used in this study to estimate the social cost of road, rail, aviation and maritime accidents in Australia in 1988. |
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| Information Paper 36 - Shore-Based Shipping Costs of Containerised Cargo: A 1991 Update | April 1992 |
| This study updates to 1991, the components of shore based shipping costs included in the Industry Task Force 1986 Shore-Based Shipping Final Report, and BTE Occasional Paper 80, Shore-based Shipping Costs, Non-bulk Cargo. Estimates are presented for the total costs of moving containerised cargo between ships and warehouse.The potential impact on costs of more even cargo flows is examined. |
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| Report 76: Relative Efficiencies in the Transportation of Commodities | January 1992 |
| This Report assesses the relative efficiencies of road and rail in the transportation of several bulk commodities. The work explores potential constraints to the efficient transportation of bulk commodities, including the pricing systems applied by road and rail operators. |
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| Report 70: Major Marine Oil Spills - Risk and Response | August 1991 |
| This study examines the risk associated with major oil spills (over 1000 tonnes) in open water anywhere on the Australian coast. This differs from previous work which has focused on the more numerous, smaller spills associated with ship operations in ports and sheltered waters. The study also examines the logistic constraints on providing rapid response along the whole length of the coast. |
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| Working Paper 1 - Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Australian Transport | May 1991 |
| The Paper details emissions from various segments of the transport sector, discusses the magnitude of the task involved in reducing transport emissions, and examines the potential for reducing them by alternative means. These include fuel economy improvements, use of alternative fuels, transport system improvements including modal shift, and reductions in discretionary travel. |
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| Occasional Paper 101 - The Costs of Waterfront Unreliability in 1988 | September 1990 |
| This Paper primarily examines the costs of waterfront unreliability in Australia in 1988 drawing on information provided by shipping companies and on the results of a survey of importers and exporters. It makes no attempt to estimate the extent to which the costs of waterfront unreliability might be reduced or the costs of the measures required to reduce them. |
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| Occasional Paper 99 - Australian Shipping and the Balance of Payments | July 1990 |
| This report discusses the effect of Australian flag shipping on the balance of payments (the external account). In preparing the report, the BTCE estimated the 1986-87 contribution to the external account from all Australian shipping operations and evaluated 17 case studies of hypothetical Australian ships in international trades. The case studies were carried out using a ship costing model called BTESHIP and were based on hypothetical new vessels operating with the crew costs and conditions negotiated by the Shipping Reform Task Force (so-called MlDC ships). The case study data were also used to evaluate efficiency in earning foreign exchange with domestic resource cost analysis. |
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| Occasional Paper 97 - The Pricing of Port Services | October 1989 |
| This paper examines price setting policies and practices of port authorities in Australia. It provides a description of the port industry and an overview of pricing practices, then assesses these practices against various criteria, notably financial balance, economic efficiency and equity. Areas in which an improved outcome might result from the application of economic principles are identified. |
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| Occasional Paper 96 - Harbour Towage: An Analysis of Industry Performance | April 1989 |
| This Paper analyses the economic efficiency of the harbour towage industry in Australia. It follows an earlier BTCE Paper which described the structure and operation of the industry. Analysis includes overseas comparisons, a crosssection model of towage charges and a study of industrial agreements. A survey of the harbour towage industry obtained the views of shipping lines, ships' agents, major shippers and port authorities. Extensive discussions were also held with representatives of these groups and other industry participants. |
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| Occasional Paper 94 - Shortages in Refrigerated Shipping | February 1989 |
| Changes in the markets for Australia's refrigerated exports have created pressures on cargo facilities on ships and at ports. This demand has led some exporters to express concern at the difficulties in obtaining sufficient cargo space, particularly during the peak season. This Paper aims to provide an overview of the seaborne export of refrigerated goods, identify whether problems exist and their magnitudes, and explore possible future directions for change. |
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| Occasional Paper 93 - Characteristics and Cost Structure of the Bulk Shipping Fleet | January 1989 |
| The Paper presents an analysis of the changes in the size and distribution of the world fleet over the period 1970 to 1987. A comparison of the world fleet and bulk ships visiting Australia in 1985-86 is also presented. Also included is a forecast of the future size and distribution of the world fleet under a range of assumptions. Australia's export of major bulk commodities in terms of volume (coal, iron ore and grains) is dependent on the services provided by the world dry bulk fleet. This Paper provides an analysis of the supply characteristics of these ships. |
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| Information Paper 29 - Economic Significance of the Waterfront | August 1988 |
| In this study the waterfront is defined as consisting of various service establishments involved in the handling of cargo at Australian ports. These include port-related services provided by port authorities, pilotage services, tugboat operations, all stevedoring services and container terminal operations, bulk terminals, customs agency services and the services of the customs and quarantine authorities. The definition also covers bulk storage and container depots even though these operations may occur away from the actual waterfront. |
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| Information Paper 27 - Harbour Towage Services in Australian Ports | July 1988 |
| This Paper examines the structure and operation of the harbour towage industry in Australia. The results of previous studies are outlined and the characteristics of harbour towage operations are described. Participants affecting the operation of the industry are port authorities, pilots, towage operators, tug crews, shipping lines, shipping agents and shippers. |
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| Occasional Paper 84 - Port Authorities in Australia | October 1987 |
| This Paper discusses the current situation and problems of Australian Port Authorities, particularly in the light of the limited amount of competition imposed by the economies of scale inherent in modern cargo-handling technologies, whether for bulk cargoes or for containers. |
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| Occasional Paper 83 - A Model for Estimating Cargo Ship Costs; BTCESHIP | August 1987 |
| In many of its analyses involving shipping, the Bureau of Transport Economics has been required to estimate costs associated with owning and operating vessels of various types. This Paper presents a model for estimating long-run average ship costs that was developed by the Bureau for this purpose. The model has been developed as a computer program (BTESHIP) to enable ship costs to be evaluated quickly and conveniently. However, to use the model effectively it is necessary to have an understanding of the principles involved in estimating ship costs. This Paper contains a discussion of the nature of ship costs and their estimation, as well as a user's manual which documents the structure and operation of the program. |
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| Occasional Paper 80 - Shore-Based Shipping Costs, Non-Bulk Cargo | September 1986 |
| In July 1984, the Federal Bureau of Transport Economics organised a seminar to enable the problems of the shore-based shipping industry to be discussed by its senior representatives. The seminar delegates agreed that there was a need for a review of shore-based shipping operations and subsequently the Federal Minister for Transport, the Hon. Peter Morris MHR, established an Industry Task Force on Shore- based Shipping Costs which reported in June 1986. The Bureau provided research support to the Task Force, and this Paper is based on the results of that research and some further analysis. |
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| Occasional Paper 78 - Contestability and the Australian Liner Trades | May 1986 |
| This study analyses the efficiency of the Australian liner shipping industry by using the recently developed theory of contestable markets. Its importance is reflected in the fact that over half of Australia's ocean borne trade is carried by the liner sector. Its topicality flows from both the global issues of legislative initiatives, increased political interference, technological and organisational changes and overtonnaging and from the singularly Australian concerns of service dependability, shore-based costs, trade union influence, the attitudes of shippers and the role of the ANL. |
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| Occasional Paper 77 - Container Shipping in Transition | May 1986 |
| The objectives of this study were to review developments in world container shipping and establish the main trends in the deep sea trades. This will in turn provide background to the BTE'S own studies of liner shipping and the review of shipping policy now taking place in Australia. Having established the trends in individual sectors using established material, the attempt has been made to draw the threads together, to offer interpretations of the scale and dynamics of the process of transition now taking place within the industry, and to consider the nature of the important issues now facing it. |
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| Report 60: Vol's 1 and 2: A Study of Liner Shipping Services Into and Out of Australia | February 1986 |
Volume 1 of the Bureau's Report No 60, 'A Study of Liner Shipping Services into and out of Australia', presents a distillation of the findings of the study and was intended to address the interests of a wide audience and provide a succinct basis for an understanding of the liner shipping industry. Volume 2 presents the findings of the study in full, together with the details of the analyses carried out. Volume 2 will be of particular interest to those who wish to explore in some depth
the structure, conduct and performance of the industry. |
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| Occasional Paper 76 - Contestability Theory: An Assessment of its Relevance to Australian Liner Shipping | January 1986 |
| Contestable market theory suggests that if certain criteria are met, abovenormal profit-taking would be reduced or eliminated because of the threat of entry to exploit even transitory profit opportunities. In this Paper, the criteria which must be met for a market to be contestable are examined with the aim of determining whether Australian liner markets are inherently contestable and therefore theoretically self regulating in the sense that shippers will receive services at or near average costs. The Australia/Europe trade is examined in detail to provide a practical basis for the arguments presented. The assessment, however, is intended to apply to Australian liner markets in general. |
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| Occasional Paper 70 - Container Terminal Productivity in Port Botany: CTAL Terminal | May 1985 |
| The first-generation container terminals in Port Jackson were built as a rapid response to changes in shipping and cargo handling technology in the 1960s. Many of the lessons learned from these and other first- generation terminals were incorporated into the designs of the new container terminals built in Botany Bay in the late 1970s. This Paper contains an analysis of the productivity of the Container Terminals Australia Limited (CTAL) operations in Port Botany in 1983 and includes comparisons with the operations of the older Seatainer and Glebe Island terminals in Port Jackson. The results of the work give valuable insight into the changes that have occurred in container terminal operations and productivity. |
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| Occasional Paper 65 - Container Terminal Productivity in Port Jackson from 1977 to 1981 | December 1984 |
| This Paper contains an analysis of the productivity of the Glebe Island and Seatainer terminals in Port Jackson over the period 1977 to 1981. The results of this work should not only enhance public understanding of the factors which affect container berth productivity but should also be valuable for future comparison with the productivity of other terminals. |
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| Occasional Paper 58 - Employment and Mobility Characteristics of Australian Merchant Navy Personnel | September 1983 |
| This study was undertaken to assist in the development of manpower policies for the Australian merchant navy. More specifically the objectives were to review the recent recruitment, promotion and wastage characteristics of personnel in the industry, to estimate the numbers of recruits required in future years to sustain industry growth and to assess the mobility of labour within the industry. |
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| Report 53: Marine Oil Spill Risk in Australia | March 1983 |
| Oil spills are basically chance events, their occurrences and characteristics being governed by probability distributions. Many properties of these distributions can be applied, with reasonable confidence, to the prediction of the location, number and size of oil spills around the Australian coast. The analyses described in this Report are aimed at identifying the most appropriate statistical distributions underlying oil spill occurrences in Australia, and at interpreting the results to assist the planning process. In particular, the results are used to estimate future levels and locations of chemical dispersant stockpiles. |
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| Information Paper 04 - An Estimate of Operating Costs for Bulk, Ro-ro and Container Ships | March 1982 |
| Estimates of the operating costs of ships are central to the analysis of a range of issues in shipping and ports investment and operations. As part of BTE studies a substantial body of information on ships operations had been assembled. This paper has generalised that information into statistical relationships for three ship types serving Australia - Bulk, Roll on/Roll off and Container Vessels. The scheme for the analysis follows that of Goss (1974). |
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| Report 52: Cargo Centralisation in the Overseas Liner Trade | January 1982 |
| With the introduction of cellular container ships in the overseas liner trades, cargo which had traditionally been handled at many ports around Australia was centralised on a few major ports. This change had had a substantial impact on port activity, utilisation of existing facilities, waterside employment and land transport activity. This report presents the results of a study to determine whether existing cargo centralisation arrangements minimise total transport resource costs and to explore the potential for change. |
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| Report 47: Tasmanian Freight Equalisation Scheme: A 'Landbridge' Approach to the Estimation of Subsidy Rates | January 1981 |
| In order to provide information to assist with the continuing administration of the Tasmanian Freight Equalisation Scheme TFES, the Minister for Transport directed the BTE to undertake studies of the costs incurred by Australian industries on Mainland interstate long distance freight transport, and the factors determining the freight rates charged between Tasmania and the Mainland and the potential for cost reductions. |
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| Occasional Paper 38 - Regression Analysis of Ship Characteristics | December 1980 |
| This Paper presents the results of statistical analyses of ship characteristics which have been undertaken to provide input to models of ship costs and operations in particular trades. Standard least squares regressions were performed on the data to relate particular ship characteristics to deadweight. Deadweight was selected as the common denominator for the regressions because of its universal acceptance as a measure of ship size and because of its wide use in the reporting of statistical information. |
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| Report 44: Tasmanian Freight Equalisation Scheme: Recommended Rates of Assistance for Southbound Cargoes, Livestock and Timber at 31 January 1979 | October 1979 |
| This Report sets out recommended new rates of assistance to be paid under the Tasmanian Freight Equalisation Scheme TFES on eligible southbound cargoes and on northbound shipments of livestock and timber. The southbound rates were recalculated to meet a direction issued by the Commonwealth Government when the Freight Equalisation Scheme was first introduced, while the direction to recalculate timber rates arose from recommendations made in the 1978 BTE report giving new northbound TFES rates. The investigation of northbound livestock rates was initially directed towards determining whether higher rates of assistance should be paid on consignments of stud animals, but during the course of the study the terms of reference were widened to cover all livestock shipments. |
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| Report 38: Transportation of the Australian Wheat Harvest | June 1978 |
| The production and export of wheat is important for Australia and its storage and transport represents a significant load on domestic resources. This report presents the results of a study of the costs of transporting the wheat harvest from the production areas to the ports in order to meet both domestic and international demand. |
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| Report 36: Tasmanian Freight Equalisation Scheme: Recommended Northbound Assistance Rates at 1 January 1978 | April 1978 |
| When the Commonwealth Government introduced the Tasmanian Freight Equalisation Scheme TFES on 1 July 1976 it directed the Bureau of Transport Economics to recalculate the rates of assistance by December 1977. This report presents the recommended new rates of assistance calculated on the basis of the freight rates prevailing at the end of December 1977. The method of recalculation was based on that used by the Nimmo Commission although with some modifications. The new assistance rates were calculated as the difference between the costs of moving a consignment from Tasmania to mainland destinations and the costs of moving a similar consignment on comparable mainland routes. |
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| Report 17: Port Pirie: Economic Evaluation of Harbour Improvements | July 1975 |
| This report examines in detail the proposal to deepen and widen the entrance channel and harbour of Port Pirie. Not only is this the major port for Broken Hill lead and zinc concentrates and refined metals, but it also handles a considerable volume of wheat and barley exports. Of the various benefits identified from the work, only two have been found to be substantial in economic terms. These are the possibility of ustilising to full capacity the somewhat larger bulk carriers for bulk concentrate exports and similarly, the possibility of fully loading wheat export ships so that they would not require topping up at deep water ports. |
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| Report 6: An Assessment of Tasmania's Interstate Transport Problems | November 1972 |
| This study attempts a quantitative assessment of Tasmania's transport disabilities relative to the other States and covers interstate shipping to Tasmania, together with closely related topics such as Tasmanian port operations and freight forwarding. Particular note has been taken of the Senate Standing Committee on Primary and Secondary Industry and Trade Committee's views that Tasmania has a 'transport disability' and that any comparisons should take into account its position as a sovereign state. |
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