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| Occasional Paper 110 - Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Australian Transport 1900 and 2000 | March 1995 |
| Comparable figures are provided for the first time on emissions of greenhouse gases from the Australian transport sector in 1900 and 2000. Greenhouse emissions from the transport sector increased ten-fold twentieth century, but Australia's population has increased five-fold, and real GDP 23 times, while urban densities are now only about one third of those in 1900. Within the limits of long-term historical comparisons, it is concluded that use of the internal combustion engine itself has not contributed disproportionately to greenhouse emissions in the transport sector. However, electric vehicles would have been better. This paper was authored by Dr Leo Dobes. |
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| Occasional Paper 106 - Roads Policy and Australian Federalism | October 1993 |
| While a great deal has been written on the theory and application of optimal road price and investment policy, relatively little attention has been given to the subject of roads policy in practice. This monographís main concern is the latter line of inquiry, focusing attention on the complex of political, legal, economic and institutional factors which have shaped Commonwealth and State government roads policy in Australia since the 1920s through to the 1980s. |
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| Occasional Paper 107 - Modelling the Land Use - Transport - Environment Interaction | July 1992 |
| This Paper briefly describes the LAND computer package and outlines studies to verify and apply it. The LAND computer package is an educational tool. It aims to replicate the land use/transport/environment interaction so as to allow the investigation of the long-term impacts of transport and land use policy on the environment. The model is based on a series of discrete steps.These steps relate to natural changes in population, migration of people within the city, movement of employment, creation of transport demand and assignment of this demand to the transport system. The environmental outputs are based on the traffic flows. Exogenous inputs into the model are the supply of urban infrastructure (housing and transport), increase in employment and in- or outmigration. |
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| Occasional paper 103 - Demand Forecasts and Demand Elasticities for Australian Transport Fuel | February 1991 |
| The study focuses on the current major transport fuels, which in 1988-89 accounted for 93 per cent of Australia's transport sector energy consumption: petrol (leaded and unleaded), automotive diesel oil, fuel oil and aviation turbine fuel. Major demand forecasts examined include those of the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics, the National Institute of Economic and Industry Research and the Australian Institute of Petroleum, based on forecasts by oil companies, to the year 2000. From an examination of these forecasts and derived own-price elasticities, the study concludes that only relatively large increases in fuel prices are likely to produce anything more than non-marginal reductionsin the levels of fuel demand. |
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| Occasional Paper 101 - The Costs of Waterfront Unreliability in 1988 | September 1990 |
| This Paper primarily examines the costs of waterfront unreliability in Australia in 1988 drawing on information provided by shipping companies and on the results of a survey of importers and exporters. It makes no attempt to estimate the extent to which the costs of waterfront unreliability might be reduced or the costs of the measures required to reduce them. |
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| Occasional Paper 99 - Australian Shipping and the Balance of Payments | July 1990 |
| This report discusses the effect of Australian flag shipping on the balance of payments (the external account). In preparing the report, the BTCE estimated the 1986-87 contribution to the external account from all Australian shipping operations and evaluated 17 case studies of hypothetical Australian ships in international trades. The case studies were carried out using a ship costing model called BTESHIP and were based on hypothetical new vessels operating with the crew costs and conditions negotiated by the Shipping Reform Task Force (so-called MlDC ships). The case study data were also used to evaluate efficiency in earning foreign exchange with domestic resource cost analysis. |
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| Occasional Paper 98 - Freight Flows in Australian Transport Corridors | February 1990 |
| In the past, there have been many occasions when decision makers have wanted to know the likely effects of proposed policies on the different transport industries involved in moving non-bulk freight around Australia. Their decisions have been hampered by a lack of data on the magnitude of, and trends in, nonbulk freight flows between capital cities and almost no usable estimates of the determinants of intercapital freight flows on all modes. |
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| Occasional Paper 97 - The Pricing of Port Services | October 1989 |
| This paper examines price setting policies and practices of port authorities in Australia. It provides a description of the port industry and an overview of pricing practices, then assesses these practices against various criteria, notably financial balance, economic efficiency and equity. Areas in which an improved outcome might result from the application of economic principles are identified. |
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| Occasional Paper 96 - Harbour Towage: An Analysis of Industry Performance | April 1989 |
| This Paper analyses the economic efficiency of the harbour towage industry in Australia. It follows an earlier BTCE Paper which described the structure and operation of the industry. Analysis includes overseas comparisons, a crosssection model of towage charges and a study of industrial agreements. A survey of the harbour towage industry obtained the views of shipping lines, ships' agents, major shippers and port authorities. Extensive discussions were also held with representatives of these groups and other industry participants. |
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| Occasional Paper 94 - Shortages in Refrigerated Shipping | February 1989 |
| Changes in the markets for Australia's refrigerated exports have created pressures on cargo facilities on ships and at ports. This demand has led some exporters to express concern at the difficulties in obtaining sufficient cargo space, particularly during the peak season. This Paper aims to provide an overview of the seaborne export of refrigerated goods, identify whether problems exist and their magnitudes, and explore possible future directions for change. |
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| Occasional Paper 93 - Characteristics and Cost Structure of the Bulk Shipping Fleet | January 1989 |
| The Paper presents an analysis of the changes in the size and distribution of the world fleet over the period 1970 to 1987. A comparison of the world fleet and bulk ships visiting Australia in 1985-86 is also presented. Also included is a forecast of the future size and distribution of the world fleet under a range of assumptions. Australia's export of major bulk commodities in terms of volume (coal, iron ore and grains) is dependent on the services provided by the world dry bulk fleet. This Paper provides an analysis of the supply characteristics of these ships. |
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| Occasional Paper 92 - Forecasting Aircraft Movements at Major Australian Airports | September 1988 |
| Forecasts for both domestic and international aircraft movements are generated for the years 1990, 1995 and 2000. From these forecasts growth rates in aircraft traffic have been calculated for the major international airports and for the major sectors in the Australian domestic aviation network. The timeseries model produces annual aircraft movements whereas the simulation model produces movements for a standard business day divided into morning, midday and evening periods. |
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| Occasional Paper 91 - Cost of Road Accidents in Australia | September 1988 |
| The cost of road accidents is an important and controversial issue. However, it is difficult to derive an acceptable measure of these costs, and it has been some years since an attempt has been made to quantify these costs to Australia. This Paper presents a discussion of the methodologies used to produce estimates of the cost of road accidents (or the value of reducing their number), focusing on the major issues of contention, and provides estimates for Australia for the year 1985. |
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| Occasional Paper 90 - Review of Road Cost Recovery | September 1988 |
| Efficient road pricing is required both to generate funds which may be used for roadworks and to ration the use of what is an expensive asset. The important elements of road pricing theory are outlined and these indicate that both the structure and level of charge are important in rationalising road use and optimising the role of road transport in our modern economy. |
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| Occasional Paper 89 - Pavement Age and the Future Need for Road Reconstruction | February 1988 |
| Decisions on road reconstruction and rehabilitation are based on a combination of engineering, economic, financial and social considerations. Rigorous analysis in support of such decisions is necessarily extremely complex. At an aggregate level, however, it is clear that the possession of an asset (such as a road network) whose components are subject to deterioration and have finite lives imposes a maintenance requirement if the quality and value of the asset is to be preserved. |
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| Occasional Paper 88 - Trends and Prospects for Australian International Air Transport | February 1988 |
| There has not been a comprehensive study of trends and changes in the institutional and comnercial parameters which affect Australia's international aviation industry since the International Civil Aviation Policy review of 1978. The aim of the work reported in this Paper was to document the significant developments in international aviation on both a global scale and for Australian routes in particular. The historical trends in supply of and demand for international air passenger services to and from Australia are examined and the information used to forecast passenger numbers to the year 2000 for various markets. |
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| Occasional Paper 87 - Domestic Air Cargo Industry in Australia | February 1988 |
| The discussion of domestic aviation issues in Australia has historically focused on the passenger market. This reflects the dominance of passenger transport in the operations of the domestic airlines and the relatively small proportion of domestic cargo that is carried by air. Despite this emphasis on passenger operations, the Commonwealth Government has implemented regulations specifically directed at air cargo and the major airlines have evolved separate strategies for cargo traffic in recent years. Cargo is now an important element of Australia's domestic aviation industry and is a significant source of income for several carriers. This Paper presents the findings of a BTE study of the domestic air cargo industry in Australia. |
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| Occasional Paper 86 - Australian Car Rental Industry Study | January 1988 |
| The car rental industry in Australia has experienced strong growth in turnover during the past decade and a correspondingly high degree of price and service competition. Industry turnover has increased from $25 million in 1975 to in excess of $200 million in 1986, with the four national operators accounting for an estimated 80 to 85 per cent of industry turnover. The study indicates that greater operator access to Commonwealth airports since 1979 has been beneficial for consumers, operators and government airport concession revenue, alike. |
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| Occasional Paper 85 - Intrastate Bus Services in New South Wales: Trial Entry Liberalisation | November 1987 |
| The Bureau of Transport Economics (BTE) agreed to a request from the Commissioner of the New South Wales Department of Motor Transport (DMT) to undertake a study to monitor a six-month trial. The trial period extended from 17 November 1986 to 17 May 1987 and was confined to the Sydney-Canberra and Sydney-North Coast of New South Wales corridors. The information upon which the results of this study are based was obtained from a review of official statistics relating to passenger travel, information supplied by industry sources, New South Wales Government instrumentalities and from surveys of passengers on bus and train services undertaken by the BTE. The surveys were carried out in January and April 1987 to provide profile characteristics of passengers travelling during peak and off-peak periods respectively. |
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| Occasional Paper 84 - Port Authorities in Australia | October 1987 |
| This Paper discusses the current situation and problems of Australian Port Authorities, particularly in the light of the limited amount of competition imposed by the economies of scale inherent in modern cargo-handling technologies, whether for bulk cargoes or for containers. |
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| Occasional Paper 83 - A Model for Estimating Cargo Ship Costs; BTCESHIP | August 1987 |
| In many of its analyses involving shipping, the Bureau of Transport Economics has been required to estimate costs associated with owning and operating vessels of various types. This Paper presents a model for estimating long-run average ship costs that was developed by the Bureau for this purpose. The model has been developed as a computer program (BTESHIP) to enable ship costs to be evaluated quickly and conveniently. However, to use the model effectively it is necessary to have an understanding of the principles involved in estimating ship costs. This Paper contains a discussion of the nature of ship costs and their estimation, as well as a user's manual which documents the structure and operation of the program. |
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| Occasional Paper 81 - Number Plate Survey Methodology for Long - Distance Traffic Flows | April 1987 |
| The lack of comprehensive data on transport operations is a long- standing problem in transport research. Information on road transport in particular has proved difficult to obtain. This Paper documents a study which was aimed at developing and testing a technique to estimate long-distance passenger and freight movements based on direct observation of vehicle movements. |
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| Occasional Paper 80 - Shore-Based Shipping Costs, Non-Bulk Cargo | September 1986 |
| In July 1984, the Federal Bureau of Transport Economics organised a seminar to enable the problems of the shore-based shipping industry to be discussed by its senior representatives. The seminar delegates agreed that there was a need for a review of shore-based shipping operations and subsequently the Federal Minister for Transport, the Hon. Peter Morris MHR, established an Industry Task Force on Shore- based Shipping Costs which reported in June 1986. The Bureau provided research support to the Task Force, and this Paper is based on the results of that research and some further analysis. |
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| Occasional Paper 79 - Demand for Australian Domestic Aviation Services: Forecasts by Market Segment | May 1986 |
| This Paper examines the demand for air travel in Australia and forecasts domestic passenger and freight aviation demand to the end of the century at five-year intervals. The analysis begins by reviewing recent trends in patronage and air fares. It then identifies other major factors affecting demand as background for the empirical analysis. The study period for the empirical analysis covers the past eight years, 1977 to 1984, using quarterly data. The models provide, among other things, estimates of price and income elasticities of demand (or demand responses) for air travel in Australia. Finally, the Paper presents forecast growth rates for air travel subject to different future growth scenarios to the year 2000. |
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| Occasional Paper 78 - Contestability and the Australian Liner Trades | May 1986 |
| This study analyses the efficiency of the Australian liner shipping industry by using the recently developed theory of contestable markets. Its importance is reflected in the fact that over half of Australia's ocean borne trade is carried by the liner sector. Its topicality flows from both the global issues of legislative initiatives, increased political interference, technological and organisational changes and overtonnaging and from the singularly Australian concerns of service dependability, shore-based costs, trade union influence, the attitudes of shippers and the role of the ANL. |
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| Occasional Paper 77 - Container Shipping in Transition | May 1986 |
| The objectives of this study were to review developments in world container shipping and establish the main trends in the deep sea trades. This will in turn provide background to the BTE'S own studies of liner shipping and the review of shipping policy now taking place in Australia. Having established the trends in individual sectors using established material, the attempt has been made to draw the threads together, to offer interpretations of the scale and dynamics of the process of transition now taking place within the industry, and to consider the nature of the important issues now facing it. |
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| Occasional Paper 76 - Contestability Theory: An Assessment of its Relevance to Australian Liner Shipping | January 1986 |
| Contestable market theory suggests that if certain criteria are met, abovenormal profit-taking would be reduced or eliminated because of the threat of entry to exploit even transitory profit opportunities. In this Paper, the criteria which must be met for a market to be contestable are examined with the aim of determining whether Australian liner markets are inherently contestable and therefore theoretically self regulating in the sense that shippers will receive services at or near average costs. The Australia/Europe trade is examined in detail to provide a practical basis for the arguments presented. The assessment, however, is intended to apply to Australian liner markets in general. |
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| Occasional Paper 75 - Survey of Trucking Operations 1982/83: Methodology and Results | January 1986 |
| Early in 1984 the Bureau of Transport Economics carried out a survey of trucking operations, primarily to assist the National Road Freight Industry Inquiry in its data collection activity. This Paper describes the survey and sets out its major findings. Both road transport (for hire and reward) and ancillary operators were covered, with particular attention being given to the ownerdrivers. The main aim of the survey was to collect information on the structure of commercial truck activity in Australia including administrative, operational and equipment details. Certain limited road freight task related information and income data were also collected. In terms of business activity, the survey covered the 1982-83 financial year. |
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| Occasional Paper 74 - Australian Long Distance Coach Industry Review | December 1985 |
| Recent years have seen a major-increase in the level of competition within the long distance coach industry in Australia. This competition has led to a significant fall in fares and a reported growth in passenger numbers. Initial examination of information sources revealed an almost complete lack of reliable, publicly available, disaggregate data on the industry. Information used in preparation of this Paper was obtained in discussions with coach operators and State authorities, by detailed analysis of coach timetables and observations of coach occupancy. However, information on the size and income of the industry is still based on estimates rather than on any formal industry returns. |
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| Occasional Paper 73 - Review of Road Pricing in Australia and Overseas | August 1985 |
| The main purpose of the work presented in this Paper was to examine the nature of road pricing in Australia and identify potential areas for improvement. The approach adopted was to consider the relevant aspects of economic theory underpinning road pricing and then to examine how different road pricing strategies have been implemented in a number of overseas countries; specifically the United States, New Zealand, Singapore and Hong Kong. |
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| Occasional Paper 72 - Competition and Regulation in Domestic Aviation: Submission to Independent Review | May 1985 |
| This Paper has been prepared as a submission to the Independent Review of Economic Regulation of Domestic Aviation. The approach followed in the submission has two parts. The first presents an analysis of the structure and performance of the airline industry under the existing system of economic regulation. The second considers the economic theory of industry structure and the general rationale for regulation and how they might be applied to the airline industry. From the performance analysis it is possible to identify areas in which performance might be improved and the theoretical considerations provide insights into possible ways in which that improvement might be achieved. |
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| Occasional Paper 71 - Benefits of Urban Public Transport Subsidies in Australia | May 1985 |
| This Paper was commissioned by the Bureau of Transport Economics to expand the Bureau's understanding of the nature and extent of subsidies in Australian transportation. The Paper looks at public transport in Australian cities and some of the methodologies which can be used in the evaluation of benefits and costs arising from changes in fare structures or from changes in service levels. The methodologies and data used were based on publicly available sources with minimum use being made of confidential data or analysis. However, the assumptions underlying this study reflect the author's views and are not necessarily those of the Bureau of Transport Economics. |
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| Occasional Paper 70 - Container Terminal Productivity in Port Botany: CTAL Terminal | May 1985 |
| The first-generation container terminals in Port Jackson were built as a rapid response to changes in shipping and cargo handling technology in the 1960s. Many of the lessons learned from these and other first- generation terminals were incorporated into the designs of the new container terminals built in Botany Bay in the late 1970s. This Paper contains an analysis of the productivity of the Container Terminals Australia Limited (CTAL) operations in Port Botany in 1983 and includes comparisons with the operations of the older Seatainer and Glebe Island terminals in Port Jackson. The results of the work give valuable insight into the changes that have occurred in container terminal operations and productivity. |
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| Occasional Paper 68 - Social Aspects of Australian Roads | May 1985 |
| This Paper presents a preliminary assessment of the social aspects of the Australian road system. The focus of the research undertaken for this Paper was on examining a number of complementary approaches that could be utilised to identify and assess the overall social dimensions of roads. For the purpose of extending this conceptual accessibility and proximity framework on a practical level, the study sought to identify the subjectively perceived attributes of roads and determinants of their quality, and the types of changes which they may undergo and which affect their role. |
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| Occasional Paper 67 - Value of Time: A Pilot Survey of Road Users | January 1985 |
| This Paper has been prepared as part of an ongoing investigation into the value of travel time savings. It follows on from the work reported in Bureau of Transport Economics Occasional Papers 51 and 57. The results of a pilot survey of non-urban road users using the functional measurement technique are reported. Particular attention is paid to the validity of sampling options and the processing of data. |
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| Occasional Paper 66 - Market Response to Discount Domestic Air Fares | January 1985 |
| The introduction by East-West Airlines of low-cost fares on the Sydney- Melbourne and Sydney-Brisbane routes in the first half of 1983 generated considerable debate within the aviation industry. The early stages of this debate were characterised by a lack of data on the passenger response to these innovative fares. In this Paper the results of a series of four surveys and an analysis of trunk network patronage designed to assess passenger response to discount air fares are described. The work was not restricted to the response of East-West Airlines' passengers but also included the response of passengers who travelled with Ansett Airlines of Australia and Trans Australia Airlines. One of the implications from this analysis is that a policy of minimising spillage of full fare passengers may be inconsistent with profit maximisation in the short term. Another implication is that optimal seat reservation procedures require data on the unsatisfied demand for full and discount fares. |
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| Occasional Paper 65 - Container Terminal Productivity in Port Jackson from 1977 to 1981 | December 1984 |
| This Paper contains an analysis of the productivity of the Glebe Island and Seatainer terminals in Port Jackson over the period 1977 to 1981. The results of this work should not only enhance public understanding of the factors which affect container berth productivity but should also be valuable for future comparison with the productivity of other terminals. |
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| Occasional Paper 63 - Assessment of the Australian Road System: Economic Assessment Model for Rural | May 1984 |
| This Occasional Paper describes an economic assessment of rural arterial roads in Australia based on a road deficiency analysis. Benefit cost analysis was undertaken using the NIMPAC road planning model and an additional set of programs developed by the BTE to carry out economic evaluation. The principal objective of the analysis was to examine the economic returns from investment in rural arterial roads in different States and in different types of project construction work. |
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| Occasional Paper 60 - Assessment of the Australian Road System: Travel Projections | May 1984 |
| The study undertaken to produce road travel projections, and reported in this Occasional Paper, had three basic elements. Firstly, recent trends in road travel were identified. Secondly, past patterns of the demand for road travel were analysed and, wherever possible, such demand relationships were quantified. Thirdly, scenarios relating to the future environment for road travel were developed and projections made. |
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| Occasional Paper 58 - Employment and Mobility Characteristics of Australian Merchant Navy Personnel | September 1983 |
| This study was undertaken to assist in the development of manpower policies for the Australian merchant navy. More specifically the objectives were to review the recent recruitment, promotion and wastage characteristics of personnel in the industry, to estimate the numbers of recruits required in future years to sustain industry growth and to assess the mobility of labour within the industry. |
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| Occasional Paper 55 - Assessment of the Australian Road System: A Case Study in Gunning Shire, NSW | July 1982 |
| This Paper presents the results of a study on the performance of roads in a small and therefore more simply analysed region. A road user's view was adopted for performance evaluation during the study and the report's structure represents a methodology for similar future evaluations. For the purpose of the study 'performance' was taken to mean the extent to which requirements are satisfied. |
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| Occasional Paper 54 - Transport of the Disabled in the ACT | July 1982 |
| The main aim of this Paper is to take a step towards filling the gap in the information available on the transport needs of the disabled. In particular, the travel behaviour and preferences of disabled people in Canberra are explored with a view to producing insights into the effectiveness and limitations of existing and recently introduced transport services specifically designed for this group. Financial and organisational constraints affecting the operation of such services are also considered. |
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| Occasional Paper 51 - The Value of Travel Time Savings in Public Sector Evaluation | March 1982 |
| This Paper has been prepared in response to a general concern that value of time in transport analysis, while acknowledged to be important, was not being accorded that importance in practice. At the outset it was hoped that a literature and practice review would enable some useful guidance to be given to practitioners on appropriate values for use in various circumstances. This has not been the case. What has emerged is that there is a wide range of considerations properly governing the valuation of time, and time values will vary widely with context. Existing work allows little confidence to be attached to currently available values or to generalising from prior, case-specific, estimates of values of time. What is now required is a series of rigorous estimates of time values with a view also to determining procedures for generalising and updating as required. |
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| Occasional Paper 50 - Airport Runway Capacity and Delay: Some Models for Planners and Managers | March 1982 |
| This Paper seeks to provide an understanding of runway capacity and of the factors on which it depends. The analysis is incorporated in a set of easy-to-use models for the estimation of delays to aircraft under any given pattern of demand. These models are intended to provide the planner with simple tools for the rapid assessment of the impact on delay of changes in demand such as might be achieved by regulatory or pricing policies. In addition the capacity analysis itself forms the basis for a rapid preliminary assessment of the impact of alternative runway configurations, new aircraft types or altered separation standards. |
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| Occasional Paper 49 - Road Financing in Selected Countries | February 1982 |
| This Occasional Paper compares road expenditure and road user taxation in Australia with that in five overseas countries (Canada, Federal Republic of Germany, Great Britain, New Zealand and USA). These five countries were selected because they are federal systems, and/or because they have similar socio-economic backgrounds to Australia. |
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| Occasional Paper 46 - Demand for International Air Travel: a Conceptual and Operational Framework | June 1981 |
| The emphasis in this paper is on the development of a suitable conceptual and operational framework within which a policy-sensitive empirical travel choice model could be estimated. Functional Measurement and Discrete Choice Theory provide the theoretical base from which models of individuals' choices can be derived. The aim of this paper is to outline a method which is capable of identifying international air fare structures to various destinations that accord with the likely choices of individuals (both current and potential travellers). The information obtained will permit the determination of a reduced-set of feasible air fare structures which represent a compromise with the full range of possible alternatives. Particular emphasis is given to identifying the variation in frequency of choice of international air travel to various destinations as a result of changes in air fare structures. |
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| Occasional Paper 44 - Economic Analysis of Non - Price Rationing With Particular Reference to Petrol | May 1981 |
| A thesis that no longer provokes comment is that domestic fuel supplies are likely to be curtailed suddenly and without warning. An idea less well established, but one that has widespread intuitive appeal, is that non-price rationing can claim to efficiently allocate resources. This idea arises out of the notion that during unexpected fuel shortages, the ability of individuals and firms to adjust might not be related to their contribution to the community's well being. |
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| Occasional Paper 43 - Review of Road Freight Regulation in Britain | February 1981 |
| The desirability of de-regulating road freight has long been a subject of discussion and action by governments in Australia. A recent visit to the United Kingdom by Dr K.W. Ogden provided an opportunity for a brief study of the impact of de-regulation of road freight in Britain. The paper examines the effect of the regulations currently in force in Britain and also examines several aspects of road freight regulation in Britain which may be relevant to freight policy in Australia. |
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| Occasional Paper 42 - National Travel Survey 1977/78: Statistical Adjustments and Final Results | February 1981 |
| From July 1977 to June 1978, the Bureau of Transport Economics (BTE) conducted the National Travel Survey (NTS). This was a major survey of nonurban travel in Australia. This Paper discusses the sources of bias and errors in the NTS data and presents a method of adjusting the statistical results for non-response bias. The general design of the NTS is evaluated in the light of the practical experience gained from its operation. Finally, the Paper presents a range of tabulations summarising some of the more important and interesting results derived from the NTS data. These results have been adjusted for statistical non-response bias and have been calculated to apply to the population. |
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| Occasional Paper 39 - Utilisation of Urban Road Freight Vehicles | December 1980 |
| An examination of commodities carried and industries served by urban freight transport revealed that nearly half the tonnage moved is in the form of bulk products (sand and gravel, petroleum, cement, etc), though, in past studies, attention has been focused on the problems of general freight carriers to the exclusion of the others. The current review revealed that problems faced by carriers of bulk materials tend to be different from those faced by carriers of general goods. |
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| Occasional Paper 38 - Regression Analysis of Ship Characteristics | December 1980 |
| This Paper presents the results of statistical analyses of ship characteristics which have been undertaken to provide input to models of ship costs and operations in particular trades. Standard least squares regressions were performed on the data to relate particular ship characteristics to deadweight. Deadweight was selected as the common denominator for the regressions because of its universal acceptance as a measure of ship size and because of its wide use in the reporting of statistical information. |
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| Occasional Paper 37 - Consumption of Transport Energy in Australia 1975/76 | November 1980 |
| This Paper represents the second study into the estimation of the consumption of energy by Australian transport. The results of the first study were published in Occasional Paper 4 which was based on data for the year s 1970-71. The present paper covers the years 1975-76. Many problems concerning data and assumptions became obvious during preparation of the original paper. These were reflected in the present study by a considerable effort to improve the quality of the estimates and to underpin the supporting assumptions. As a result the present paper is considered to contain more accurate estimates than those in the original paper. |
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| Occasional Paper 35 - Railway Track Design: A Review of Current Practice | May 1980 |
| This Paper reviews the current practice for the design of conventional railway track. Current track design practice has historically developed slowly and is predominantly based upon years of operating experience. Consequently many of the developed design expressions are at best semi empirical in nature. The scope of this report is confined to the design of the track structure above the level of the formation, i.e., rails, sleepers and ballast. |
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| Occasional Paper 34 - Economic and Financial Issues Associated with General Aviation in Australia | May 1980 |
| This study represents the second part of a major research effort in the General Aviation area which was conducted with the objective of providing background material for the current Commonwealth Department of Transport review of General Aviation policy. This research presents results of statistical investigation into the basic characteristics of General Aviation in Australia and examines the economic and financial issues associated with General Aviation. Major topics covered in the study include an overview of the operational, financial and economic characteristics of General Aviation, the determinants of the demand for and supply of General Aviation services and the identification of appropriate mechanisms for cost recovery. |
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| Occasional Paper 33 - Basic Characteristics of General Aviation in Australia | February 1980 |
| This Occasional Paper reports on the basic characteristics of Australian General Aviation. Information on these characteristics provides an essential background to the understanding and interpretatian of General Aviation. In this Paper, attention is focused on the types of aircraft used in General Aviation, the size and geographical distribution of General Aviation operations, the various kinds of General Aviation activities undertaken; and the economic cost structure faced by General Aviation operators. In addition, a partial analysis of the demand characteristics of some users of scheduled commuter and charter services is presented. |
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| Occasional Paper 32 - Guidelines for the Conduct of Urban Transport Corridor Studies | February 1980 |
| This Paper presents a methodology for conducting transport corridor studies for urban areas and is intended primarily to assist State Road Authorities (SRAs) with the generation and evaluation of major road improvement projects. The paper does not attempt to provide a 'blueprint' for corridor studies, but concentrates on developing a framework which, if accepted, would provide at least some measure of consistency between studies undertaken by different authorities. |
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| Occasional Paper 31 - National Travel Survey 1977/78: Preliminary Statistical Summary June Quarter | February 1979 |
| This Paper presents a summary of preliminary statistics obtained from the fourth quarter of the National Travel Survey (NTS). The results cover travel during the months of April, May and June 1978. These statistics are preliminary in the sense that they represent the results of an analysis of only the postal survey results. No corrections for sample bias and so on have been made at this stage. The results from a supplementary household interview survey conducted in parallel with the NTS will be used to adjust the postal survey results. This adjustment will take place at the conclusion of the twelve-month NTS survey period. |
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| Occasional Paper 29 - Recreation Demand Modelling | November 1978 |
| During 1976 and 1977 the Victorian Department of Youth, Sport and Recreation and the Geelong Regional Planning Authority undertook a major study of recreational activity in the Geelong area. As part of that study, John Paterson Urban Systems was commissioned to undertake an extensive household survey and to develop a set of recreation site usage models for locations in the Geelong region. These data, together with information on environmental usage limits for each site in the region were used in the development of recreational area management programmes. |
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| Occasional Paper 28 - National Travel Survey 1977/78: Preliminary Statistical Summary: March Quarter | October 1978 |
| This Paper presents a summary of preliminary statistics obtained from the third quarter of the National Travel Survey (NTS). The results cover travel during the months of January, February and March 1978. Each summary comprises the following general types of information: a summary of the survey sample and response statistics; trip generation information; information on the proportion of travel having particular characteristics. The results presented in this Paper are for aggregations of NTS regions to State, Territory and national levels. |
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| Occasional Paper 27 - A Road Construction Price Index | October 1978 |
| This paper describes a method of measuring price changes at the national level in the road and bridge construction and maintenance industry. The paper gives the results of application of such methodology to measure the price changes for roadworks from 1963-64 to 1977-78 in the form of a price index. This index is a refinement and update of the price index developed by the author for the former Commonwealth Bureau of Roads. |
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| Occasional Paper 26 - Usage Patterns of Urban Cars: Their Effect on Fuel Consumption and Emissions | September 1978 |
| This report examines the hypothesis that there are no significant differences in the urban usage characteristics of various sized passenger vehicles, and discusses some implications of these results. The purpose of this study, carried out in the Melbourne metropolitan area, was to ascertain whether there were any significant differences in the characteristics which describe the usage pattern of various types of passenger (and other) vehicles, in the context of the measurement of urban emissions and fuel consumption. Such differences would determine whether or not passenger vehicles could be considered to be homogeneous for the purpose of these measurements. This analysis will assist in the assessment of the impact of the Australian urban vehicle fleet enery consumption and emissions production. |
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| Occasional Paper 25 - Sydney Region Aviation Forecasts | September 1978 |
| The Paper presents methods used for forecasting future passenger and aircraft movements at Sydney Airport. Forecast movements at 5-year intervals to the year 2000 are also presented using these methods, on the basis of assumptions about the future course of many underlying determinants such as population, income, fares, aircraft types, load factors and so on. The forecasts were prepared in support of the Major Airports Needs of Sydney (MANS) Study, and embody assumptions adopted by a Forecasting Consultative Group consisting of members drawn from various Commonwealth and State Government bodies. |
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| Occasional Paper 24 - Approach to Developing Transport Improvement Proposals | August 1978 |
| This Occasional Paper summarises the procedures and findings of a series of investigations undertaken to identify transport disadvantaged groups of urban residents. It clarifies the assumptions underlying the systematic planning procedures adopted and outlines an approach for identifying and analysing suitable improvement options for particular consumer segments in accordance with the particular issue under study. The approach is discussed in the context of transport related criteria and the role of urban transport improvements in assisting in achievement of objectives. |
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| Occasional Paper 23 - [b] Discussion Paper on Residential Streets | July 1978 |
| This Report summarises and draws together the results of a long and detailed series of investigations into aspects of residential streets, including residential street design, construction and operation, conducted by the former Commonwealth Bureau of Roads. |
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| Occasional Paper 22 - National Travel Survey 1977/78: Preliminary Statistical Summary December Quarter, 1977 | June 1978 |
| This Paper presents a summary of preliminary statistics obtained from the second quarter of the National Travel Survey (NTS). The results cover travel during the months of October, November and December 1977. Each summary comprises the following general types of information: a summary of the survey sample and response statistics; trip generation information; and information on the proportion of travel having particular characteristics. |
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| Occasional Paper 21 - National Travel Survey 1977/78: Geographic Zoning and Coding Systems | June 1978 |
| In this paper, the development of a geographic zoning system used in the sampling processes associated with the National Travel Survey (NTS) is described. Associated with this, the BTE has also produced a coding scheme which allows approximately 8,700 place names to be allocated to their appropriate Local Government Area (LGA), Census Statistical Division (CSD) Australian Government Region (AGR) and NTS region numbers. |
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| Occasional Paper 20 - Public Participation in Transport Planning - Australia | June 1978 |
| Planners in all spheres of activity are demonstrating an increasing interest in the use of public participation as a planning tool. Despite this interest, there has been little documentation and research drawing on the participation experience in planning in Australia. This paper presents an inventory of Australian public participation experience compiled from a survey of Australian transport authorities and selected consultants. |
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| Occasional Paper 18 - National Travel Survey 1977/78: Determination of Regional Sample Sizes | May 1978 |
| The NTS is a postal survey being conducted over a twelve-month period between July 1977 and June 1978. Its general aim is to determine domestic non-urban travel characteristics on a fully national basis. All modes of travel are to be encompassed, and the seasonal nature of this travel will also be identified. This Occasional Paper discusses the geographical distribution of this total sample. |
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| Occasional Paper 17 - Urban Goods Movement in Sydney | February 1978 |
| Transport planning and research has placed considerable emphasis on the movement of people but comparatively little on the movement of goods. Such neglect prompted the Commonwealth Bureau of Roads to sponsor a Workshop on Urban Goods Movement in January 1975 as a means of gaining an insight into the topic. |
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| Occasional Paper 16 - Discussion Paper on Transport Planning in Sydney to 1975 | January 1978 |
| Transport planning in urban areas is a complex task demanding consideration not only of transport problems, but also of land-use planning and the provision of other services. A range of service and planning agencies and interest groups are involved directly and indirectly in transport planning and they interact at various stages and in various ways throughout the planning process. The effectiveness of this process and consequently the quality of transport services provided, depends to an important degree on the interaction between these bodies. |
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| Occasional Paper 15 - Australian Domestic Air Transport : Some Economic Issues | January 1978 |
| The importance of an efficient transport system for Australia is self-evident. Not surprisingly, both public investment and government legislation have been employed to develop transport networks over time. Domestic air transport is a most important component of the Australian transport sector. Any inquiry into the status and future of domestic air transport policies is clearly an important study, and the current Department of Transport Review of Domestic Air Transport Policy has particularly wide implications. This Paper was originally prepared by BTE in response to a general request by the Department of Transport for submissions on domestic air transport policies in Australia. Only minor revisions have been made. |
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| Occasional Paper 13 - Aggregate Bus Maintenance Costs | December 1977 |
| A knowledge of bus maintenance costs and how they vary with bus age is of value in a number of applications. Of particular interest to BTE is the importance of bus maintenance costs to optimal bus replacement strategies. The report summarises the Aggregate Bus Maintenance Studies of six bus operators in Australian capital cities and isolates the major variables influencing both maintenance and servicing costs. |
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| Occasional Paper 12 - Urban Passenger Travel: The Role of the Electric Car. | December 1977 |
| This report examines the market for battery powered electric passenger vehicles suitable for use in major urban areas in Australia. A typical specification for an electric passenger vehicle has been used as the basis of the analysis. The study was commissioned following the considerable interest shown in the Electric Car Conference conducted jointly by the Bureau and the Australian Electric Vehicle Association in 1975. |
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| Occasional Paper 11 - Factors Affecting Demand for International Travel to and from Australia | December 1977 |
| This Occasional Paper reports on an analysis of the factors affecting the demand for international air travel. This analysis serves as a basis for forecasting the response of demand to changes in key policy variables, in particular fares and some aspects of the level of service. The implications for demand for travel to and from Australia of several alternative fare service packages are presented. |
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| Occasional Paper 10 - National Travel Survey 1977/78: Objectives and Strategies | December 1977 |
| This Paper describes the National Travel Survey in terms of it's objectives and strategies. It discusses the concepts of interregional travel patterns and the need for consistent and statistically valid data, the parameters influencing travel particularly the social, economic and personal choices, seasonal variances, sampling details and the operation of the survey. Much of the information has never been systematically collected before, and none of it has been collected to the comprehensive degree applying in the NTS. As a result, it is expected that the results will give new insights into the requirements for future transport systems, policies and philosophies. |
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| Occasional Paper 09 - Timetables as a Source of Statistical Data | October 1977 |
| The purpose of this paper is to describe in some detail the various types of statistical data that can be obtained from timetable sources, particularly the provision of cross-classifications of data not normally produced as part of the normal statistical task. The main advantage claimed for this technique is that the statistics can be compiled as soon as timetables are announced and even before the services begin. This can be of great benefit when up-to-date statistical information is required. Another advantage claimed for timetable sources is that all of the relevant data items appear in the one document thus simplifying the task of producing the statistics. |
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| Occasional Paper 07 - Impact of Environmental Factors of Relative House Prices | March 1977 |
| In the past, very little attention has been given to establishing the relationship between environmental factors and real estate values. This relationship is an important input to the evaluation of the environmental impacts of particular transport projects. This report presents the results of a study of the impact of environmental factors on house prices in the Marrickville and Rockdale municipalities of Sydney. |
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| Occasional Paper 03 - Road User Charges: Theories and Possibilities | July 1975 |
| Considerable disagreement exists on an appropriate system of road user charges and road investment policies. While some work in this important area of resourse allocation has been done in other countries, until recently little investigatory research has been carried out in Australia. This study considers all roads other than access roads with the essential objective being to show up the deficiencies in the cost responsibility approach to road pricing by emphasising the joint cost characteristics of roads. The approach of the study team has been to derive a reasonable set of relative road pricing strategies, given the cost of supplying the road network, based on the demand characteristics of road users. |
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| Occasional Paper 02 - Transport and Energy in Australia, Part 1 - Review | April 1975 |
| This report contains a survey of recent Australian and overseas literature on the availability and use of energy for transport. This study is provided with a view to improving the basis for decisions on energy supply, demand and price, on transport regulation and on the development of transport technology. |
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| Occasional Paper 01 - An Automated Semi - Random Storage/Retrieval System | March 1973 |
| This Paper describes the design and operation of a fully-automated materials handling system which differs in many respects from conventional systems. The system is intended to fulfil requirements for automated semi-random storage and retrieval of non-fragile uniform containers, and has several major advantages over other systems. Although it is well suited to a particular class of handling problem, the proposed system could also be used in other applications. |
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